Cách sử dụng công cụ tạo khuôn mẫu cho Pug
- Giới thiệu về Pug
- Pug trông như thế nào?
- Cài đặt Pug
- Thiết lập Pug trở thành công cụ mẫu trong Express
- Mẫu Pug đầu tiên của bạn
- Nội suy các biến trong Pug
- Nội suy một giá trị trả về của hàm
- Thêm thuộc tính id và lớp vào các phần tử
- Đặt loại tài liệu
- Thẻ meta
- Thêm tập lệnh và kiểu
- Tập lệnh nội tuyến
- Vòng lặp
- Điều kiện
- Đặt các biến
- Tăng biến
- Gán các biến cho các giá trị phần tử
- Lặp lại các biến
- Bao gồm các tệp Pug khác
- Xác định khối
- Mở rộng mẫu cơ sở
- Bình luận
Giới thiệu về Pug
Pug là gì? Đó là một công cụ mẫu cho các ứng dụng Node.js phía máy chủ.
Express có khả năng xử lý các công cụ mẫu phía máy chủ. Công cụ mẫu cho phép chúng tôi thêm dữ liệu vào chế độ xem và tạo HTML động.
Pug là tên mới của một thứ cũ. nó làNgọc 2.0.
Do vấn đề về nhãn hiệu, tên đã được đổi từ Jade thành Pug khi dự án phát hành phiên bản 2 vào năm 2016. Bạn vẫn có thể sử dụng Jade (hay còn gọi là Pug 1.0), nhưng về sau tốt nhất nên sử dụng Pug 2.0.
Cũng xemsự khác biệt giữa Jade và Pug
Express sử dụng Jade làm mặc định. Như đã nói ở trên, Jade là phiên bản cũ của Pug - cụ thể là Pug 1.0.
Mặc dù phiên bản cuối cùng của Jade đã được 3 năm tuổi (tại thời điểm viết bài, mùa hè 2018), nó vẫn là phiên bản mặc định trong Express vì lý do tương thích ngược.
Trang web chính thức của Pug làhttps://pugjs.org/.
Pug trông như thế nào?
p Hello from FlavioThis template will create a p
tag with the content Hello from Flavio
.
As you can see, Pug is quite special. It takes the tag name as the first thing in a line, and the rest is the content that goes inside it.
If you are used to template engines that use HTML and interpolate variables; like Handlebars (described next), you might run into issues, especially when you need to convert existing HTML to Pug. This online converter from HTML to Jade (which is very similar, but a little different to Pug) will be a great help: https://jsonformatter.org/html-to-jade
Install Pug
Installing Pug is as simple as running npm install
:
npm install pug
Setup Pug to be the template engine in Express
and when initializing the Express app, we need to set it:
const path = require('path')
const express = require('express')
const app = express()
app.set('view engine', 'pug')
app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'))
Your first Pug template
Create an about view:
app.get('/about', (req, res) => {
res.render('about')
})
and the template in views/about.pug
:
p Hello from FlavioThis template will create a p
tag with the content Hello from Flavio
.
Interpolating variables in Pug
You can interpolate a variable using:
app.get('/about', (req, res) => {
res.render('about', { name: 'Flavio' })
})
p Hello from #{name}Interpolate a function return value
You can interpolate a function return value using:
app.get('/about', (req, res) => {
res.render('about', { getName: () => 'Flavio' })
})
p Hello from #{getName()}Adding id and class attributes to elements
p#title
p.titleSet the doctype
doctype htmlMeta tags
html
head
meta(charset='utf-8')
meta(http-equiv='X-UA-Compatible', content='IE=edge')
meta(name='description', content='Some description')
meta(name='viewport', content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1')Adding scripts and styles
html
head
script(src="script.js")
script(src='//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js')
link(rel='stylesheet', href='css/main.css')</code></pre>
Inline scripts
script alert('test')
script.
(function(b,o,i,l,e,r){b.GoogleAnalyticsObject=l;b[l]||(b[l]=
function(){(b[l].q=b[l].q||[]).push(arguments)});b[l].l=+new Date;
e=o.createElement(i);r=o.getElementsByTagName(i)[0];
e.src=’//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js’;
r.parentNode.insertBefore(e,r)}(window,document,‘script’,‘ga’));
ga(‘create’,‘UA-XXXXX-X’);ga(‘send’,‘pageview’);
Loops
ul
each color in ['Red', 'Yellow', 'Blue']
li= color
ul
each color, index in [‘Red’, ‘Yellow’, ‘Blue’]
li= 'Color number ’ + index + ': ’ + color
Conditionals
if name
h2 Hello from #{name}
else
h2 Helloelse-if works too:
if name
h2 Hello from #{name}
else if anotherName
h2 Hello from #{anotherName}
else
h2 HelloAnother example:
if users.length > 2
each user in users
...Set variables
You can set variables in Pug templates:
- var name = 'Flavio'
- var age = 35
- var roger = { name: 'Roger' }
- var dogs = ['Roger', 'Syd']Incrementing variables
You can increment a numeric variable using ++
:
age++Assigning variables to element values
p= name
span.age= ageIterating over variables
You can use for
or each
, they are interchangeable and there is no difference:
for dog in dogs
li= dog
ul
each dog in dogs
li= dogYou can use .length
to get the number of items:
p There are #{values.length}while
is another kind of loop:
- var n = 0;
ul
while n <= 5
li= n++
Including other Pug files
In a Pug file you can include other Pug files:
include otherfile.pugDefining blocks
A well-organized template system will define a base template, and then all the other templates will extend from it.
Part of a template can be extended by using blocks:
html
head
script(src="script.js")
script(src='//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js')
link(rel='stylesheet', href='css/main.css')
block head
body
block body
h1 Home page
p welcome
In this case one block, body
, has some content, while head
does not. head
is intended to be used to add additional content to the heading, while the body
content is made to be overridden by other pages.
Extending a base template
A template can extend a base template by using the extends
keyword:
extends home.pugOnce this is done, you need to redefine blocks. All the content of the template must go into blocks, otherwise the engine does not know where to put them.
Example:
extends home.pug
block body
h1 Another page
p Hey!
ul
li Something
li Something else
You can redefine one or more blocks. The ones not redefined will be kept with the original template content.
Comments
Comments in Pug can be of two types: visible or invisible in the resulting HTML.
Visible
Inline:
// some commentBlock:
//
some
commentInvisible
Inline:
//- some commentBlock:
//-
some
comment
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