I have written two CLI application tutorials to buildGorolkatwithCocosse. I usefortuneAs an input generator.
In this article, I will complete the pipeline trilogy throughgofortune.
what iswealth, The first one?As href="Encyclopedia said, Fortune is a simple program that displays pseudo-random messages from the quote database.
Basically, it is a random quote generator.
Its history can be traced back to Unix version 7 (1979). It is still very powerful. Many Linux distributions have it pre-installed, and on OSX, you can usebrew install fortune.
On some systems, when using the shell, it is used as a greeting or parting message.
href="Encyclopedia also says
Many people choose to use their wealthCowsayCommand to add more humor to the dialog.
that's me! Except I use minegocowsaycommand.
Enough introduction,Let's build a wealth clone with Go.
The following is a breakdown of the functions of our program.
The location of the wealth folder depends on the system and distribution, they are build markers. I can hardcode it or use environment variables, but as an exercise, I will do a dirty thing and askfortuneBy direct execution-fFlag, output:
The first line of output contains the path to the fortunes folder.
package main
import (
“fmt”
“os/exec”
)
func main() {
out, err := exec.Command(“fortune”, “-f”).CombinedOutput()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(string(<span style="color:#a6e22e">out</span>))
}
This code snippet replicates the output exactly in my way. It looks likefortune -fWrite output to stderr, that's why I useCombinedOutputTo get bothstdoutwithstderr.
However, I only want the first row. How to do it? This will print all the outputstderrLine by line:
package main
import (
“bufio”
“fmt”
“os/exec”
)
func main() {
fortuneCommand := exec.Command(“fortune”, “-f”)
pipe, err := fortuneCommand.StderrPipe()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
for outputStream.Scan() {
fmt.Println(outputStream.Text())
}
}
In order to get only the first row, I removed the for loop, and then scanned the first row:
package main
import (
“bufio”
“fmt”
“os/exec”
)
func main() {
fortuneCommand := exec.Command(“fortune”, “-f”)
pipe, err := fortuneCommand.StderrPipe()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fortuneCommand.Start()
outputStream := bufio.NewScanner(pipe)
outputStream.Scan()
fmt.Println(outputStream.Text())
}
Now let's select that line and extract the path.
On my system, the first line of output is100.00% /usr/local/Cellar/fortune/9708/share/games/fortunes. Let's make a substring starting from the first occurrence/character:
line := outputStream.Text()
path := line[strings.Index(line, "/"):]Now, I have a way to get rich. I can index the files found there. Have.datBinary files and plain text files. I will discard the binary file and thenoff/Folder, which contains annoying luck.
Let us first index the files. I usepath/filepathpackageWalkThe method to iterate the file tree from the following locationsroot. I use it insteadioutil.ReadDir()Because we may have nested destiny folders. insideWalkFunc visitI discarded the .dat file usingfilepath.Ext(), I discarded the folder file (e.g./off, But does not include files in subfolders) and all annoying fortunes (located in the following locations)/off, And then print the value of each remaining file.
func visit(path string, f os.FileInfo, err error) error {
if strings.Contains(path, "/off/") {
return nil
}
if filepath.Ext(path) == ".dat" {
return nil
}
if f.IsDir() {
return nil
}
files = append(files, path)
return nil
}
func main() {
fortuneCommand := exec.Command(“fortune”, “-f”)
pipe, err := fortuneCommand.StderrPipe()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fortuneCommand.Start()
outputStream := bufio.NewScanner(pipe)
outputStream.Scan()
line := outputStream.Text()
root := line[strings.Index(line, “/”):]
<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">filepath</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Walk</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">root</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">visit</span>)
<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
panic(<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span>)
}
}
Let's put these values in a slice so that we can choose a random value later: I defined afilesPart of the string, I append it tovisit()Features. At the end ofmain()I print out the number of files I got.
package main
import (
“bufio”
“log”
“os”
“os/exec”
“path/filepath”
“strings”
)
var files []string
func visit(path string, f os.FileInfo, err error) error {
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
if strings.Contains(path, “/off/”) {
return nil
}
if filepath.Ext(path) == “.dat” {
return nil
}
if f.IsDir() {
return nil
}
files = append(files, path)
return nil
}
func main() {
fortuneCommand := exec.Command(“fortune”, “-f”)
pipe, err := fortuneCommand.StderrPipe()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fortuneCommand.Start()
outputStream := bufio.NewScanner(pipe)
outputStream.Scan()
line := outputStream.Text()
root := line[strings.Index(line, “/”):]
<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">filepath</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Walk</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">root</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">visit</span>)
<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
panic(<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span>)
}
println(len(<span style="color:#a6e22e">files</span>))
}
I now useGo to random number generatorThe function to select random items from an array:
// Returns an int >= min, < max
func randomInt(min, max int) int {
return min + rand.Intn(max-min)
}
func main() {
<span style="color:#75715e">//...
rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
i := randomInt(1, len(files))
randomFile := files[i]
println(randomFile)
}Now, our program will print a random wealth file name every time it runs.
What I miss now is the luck in scanning the documents and then printing them randomly. In each file, quotes are used%Sit alone on a line. I can easily detect this pattern and scan every quote in the array:
file, err := os.Open(randomFile)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
defer file.Close()
b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(file)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
quotes := string(b)
quotesSlice := strings.Split(quotes, “%”)
j := randomInt(1, len(quotesSlice))
fmt.Print(quotesSlice[j])
This is not really effective method, because I want to scan the entire wealth file in a slice, and then select a random item, but it works as follows:
So this is our very basic final versionfortuneclone. It misses a lot of originalfortuneOrder, but this is the beginning.
package main
import (
“bufio”
“fmt”
“io/ioutil”
“log”
“math/rand”
“os”
“os/exec”
“path/filepath”
“strings”
“time”
)
var files []string
// Returns an int >= min, < max
func randomInt(min, max int) int {
return min + rand.Intn(max-min)
}
func visit(path string, f os.FileInfo, err error) error {
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
if strings.Contains(path, “/off/”) {
return nil
}
if filepath.Ext(path) == “.dat” {
return nil
}
if f.IsDir() {
return nil
}
files = append(files, path)
return nil
}
func main() {
fortuneCommand := exec.Command(“fortune”, “-f”)
pipe, err := fortuneCommand.StderrPipe()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fortuneCommand.Start()
outputStream := bufio.NewScanner(pipe)
outputStream.Scan()
line := outputStream.Text()
root := line[strings.Index(line, “/”):]
<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">filepath</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Walk</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">root</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">visit</span>)
<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
panic(<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span>)
}
<span style="color:#a6e22e">rand</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Seed</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">time</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Now</span>().<span style="color:#a6e22e">UnixNano</span>())
<span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">randomInt</span>(<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, len(<span style="color:#a6e22e">files</span>))
<span style="color:#a6e22e">randomFile</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">files</span>[<span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span>]
<span style="color:#a6e22e">file</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">os</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Open</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">randomFile</span>)
<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
panic(<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span>)
}
<span style="color:#66d9ef">defer</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">file</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Close</span>()
<span style="color:#a6e22e">b</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">ioutil</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">ReadAll</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">file</span>)
<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
panic(<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span>)
}
<span style="color:#a6e22e">quotes</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> string(<span style="color:#a6e22e">b</span>)
<span style="color:#a6e22e">quotesSlice</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">strings</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Split</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">quotes</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">"%"</span>)
<span style="color:#a6e22e">j</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">randomInt</span>(<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, len(<span style="color:#a6e22e">quotesSlice</span>))
<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Print</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">quotesSlice</span>[<span style="color:#a6e22e">j</span>])
}
To summarize, I movevisitAs an inline function parameterfilepath.WalkAnd movefilesBecome an internal local variablemain()Instead of global file variables:
package main
import (
“bufio”
“fmt”
“io/ioutil”
“log”
“math/rand”
“os”
“os/exec”
“path/filepath”
“strings”
“time”
)
// Returns an int >= min, < max
func randomInt(min, max int) int {
return min + rand.Intn(max-min)
}
func main() {
var files []string
<span style="color:#a6e22e">fortuneCommand</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">exec</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Command</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">"fortune"</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">"-f"</span>)
<span style="color:#a6e22e">pipe</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">fortuneCommand</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">StderrPipe</span>()
<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
panic(<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span>)
}
<span style="color:#a6e22e">fortuneCommand</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Start</span>()
<span style="color:#a6e22e">outputStream</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">bufio</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">NewScanner</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">pipe</span>)
<span style="color:#a6e22e">outputStream</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Scan</span>()
<span style="color:#a6e22e">line</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">outputStream</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Text</span>()
<span style="color:#a6e22e">root</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">line</span>[<span style="color:#a6e22e">strings</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Index</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">line</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">"/"</span>):]
<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> = <span style="color:#a6e22e">filepath</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Walk</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">root</span>, <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">path</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">f</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">os</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">FileInfo</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">error</span>) <span style="color:#66d9ef">error</span> {
<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
<span style="color:#a6e22e">log</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Fatal</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span>)
}
<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">strings</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Contains</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">path</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">"/off/"</span>) {
<span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>
}
<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">filepath</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Ext</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">path</span>) <span style="color:#f92672">==</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">".dat"</span> {
<span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>
}
<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">f</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">IsDir</span>() {
<span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>
}
<span style="color:#a6e22e">files</span> = append(<span style="color:#a6e22e">files</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">path</span>)
<span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span>
})
<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
panic(<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span>)
}
<span style="color:#a6e22e">rand</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Seed</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">time</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Now</span>().<span style="color:#a6e22e">UnixNano</span>())
<span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">randomInt</span>(<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, len(<span style="color:#a6e22e">files</span>))
<span style="color:#a6e22e">randomFile</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">files</span>[<span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span>]
<span style="color:#a6e22e">file</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">os</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Open</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">randomFile</span>)
<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
panic(<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span>)
}
<span style="color:#66d9ef">defer</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">file</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Close</span>()
<span style="color:#a6e22e">b</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">ioutil</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">ReadAll</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">file</span>)
<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
panic(<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span>)
}
<span style="color:#a6e22e">quotes</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> string(<span style="color:#a6e22e">b</span>)
<span style="color:#a6e22e">quotesSlice</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">strings</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Split</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">quotes</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">"%"</span>)
<span style="color:#a6e22e">j</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">randomInt</span>(<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, len(<span style="color:#a6e22e">quotesSlice</span>))
<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Print</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">quotesSlice</span>[<span style="color:#a6e22e">j</span>])
}
I can nowgo build; go installAnd trilogygofortune gocowsaywithgololcatfinished:
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